an official journal of: published by:
an official journal of: published by:
Editor in Chief: RAFFAELLO COSSU

IS THERE A FUTURE FOR THE INFORMAL RECYCLING SECTOR IN URBAN CHINA?

  • Benjamin Steuer - Institute of Sinology, University of Vienna, Austria
  • Roland Ramusch - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development | EBRD, United Kingdom
  • Stefan Salhofer - Institute of Waste Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria

Released under CC BY-NC-ND

Copyright: © 2018 CISA Publisher


Abstract

This article constitutes a comprehensive overview that summarises first-hand research findings obtained by the authors through scientific engagement with the informal recycling sector (IRS) in mainland China over the past six years. During this research period, especially between 2013 and 2016, we found several indications that the working environment of informal stakeholders in urban China was worsening. Among these challenges the IRS faces, two are especially noteworthy – a decline in profits and increasing regulatory pressure from the government. In our analysis we primarily focus on the segment of the IRS that deals with collection and pre-processing (sorting, separating, cleaning, bulking, refurbishment, material extraction) of recyclables and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in urban China. Our results indicate that despite their strong prevalence in this domain, informal actors are increasingly subjected to falling profit margins and regulatory pressure. However our results also shows that the IRS has in the past responded to both challenges rather effectively and thus may be able to maintain its presence in urban Chinese Waste Management (WM).

Keywords


Editorial History

  • Received: 20 Feb 2018
  • Revised: 13 Aug 2018
  • Accepted: 17 Nov 2018
  • Available online: 09 Nov 2018

References

Chen X., Geng Y., Fujita T. (2010) An overview of municipal solid waste management in China. Waste. Manage. 30, 716–724.
DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.10.011

China.com. 2007. Waste Pickers ‘turn formal’: Are 660 Yuan of management fees turning into a source for illegal wealth accumulation by the government? (in Chinese). Online: http://www.china.com.cn/city/txt/2007-08/30/content_8771560_2.htm (accessed 16 February 2018)

Chinadigitaltimes (2016). 20 years of waste picking in Beijing: your capital city, my waste capital. Online: http://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2016/09/端传媒-北京拾荒20年:你的京城,我的废都/ (Accessed 14 October 2016)

Cnenergy (2016). China’s millions of Waste Pickers suddenly disappear. Online: http://www.cnenergy.org/hb/201609/t20160912_376697.html (Accessed 18 August 2016)

CRRA (China Resource Recycling Association) (2017). Various search results. Online: http://www.crra.org.cn (Accessed 15 February 2017)

Crrainfo (2014). Why does waste separation in China meet so many difficulties? Online: http://www.crrainfo.org/content-19-18902-1.html (Accessed 5 April 2015)

Dorn T., Nelles M., Flamme S., Cai J. (2012). Waste disposal technology transfer matching requirement clusters for waste disposal facilities in China. Waste. Manage. 32, 2177–2184.
DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.038

Ensmenger D., Goldstein J., Mack R. (2005). Talking trash: an examination of recycling and solid waste management policies, economies, and practices in Beijing. E. W. Conn., vol. 1, n.5

Fei F., Qu L., Wen Z., Xue Y., Zhang H. (2016). How to integrate the informal recycling system into municipal solid waste management in developing countries: Based on a China’s case in Suzhou urban area. Resour. Conserv. Recy., 110, 74–86.
DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.03.019

FON (Friends of Nature) (2013). Research Report On Waste Separation Pilot Areas in Beijing in 2012 (in Chinese). Online: www.fon.org.cn/uploads/attachment/17641370277681.pdf (Accessed 30 April 2016)

Goldstein, J. (2017). A Pyrrhic Victory? The Limits to the Successful Crackdown on Informal-Sector Plastics Recycling in Wenan County, China. Mod. China., vol. 43, n.1, 3-35.
DOI 10.1177/0097700416645882

Gu, Y., Wu, Y., Xu, M., Wang, H., Zuo, T. (2016). The stability and profitability of the informal WEEE collector in developing countries: A case study of China. Resour. Conserv. Rec., 107, 18–26.
DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.12.004

He, G., Lu, Y., Mol, A., Beckers, T. 2012. Changes and challenges: China’s environmental management in transition. Environmental Development, vol.3, pp. 25–38.
DOI 10.1016/j.envdev.2012.05.005

Li S. (2002). Junk-buyers as the linkage between waste sources and redemption depots in urban China: the case of Wuhan. Resour. Conserv. Rec., 36, 319-335.
DOI 10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00054-X

Linzner R. and Salhofer S. (2014). Municipal solid waste recycling and the significance of 838 informal sector in urban China. Waste. Manage. Res., vol. 32, n. 9, 896-907. Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEP) and others (2012). Special program of the 12th five-year plan for waste recycling technology projects (in Chinese). Online: http://www.chinaero.com.cn/rdzt/sewghzt/hygh/2012/08/125356.shtml. Accessed 12 March 2015
DOI 10.1177/0734242X14543555

MOC (China Ministry of Commerce) (2015). Report on the development of China’s renewable resource recovery industry (2015). Online: http://www.gepresearch.com/99/view-183128-1.html (Accessed 10 April 2017)

Ren X. and Hu S. (2014). Cost recovery of municipal solid waste management in small cities of inland China. Waste. Manage. Res., vol. 32, n. 4, 340–347.
DOI 10.1177/0734242X14526771

Schulz Y. and Steuer B. (2017). Dealing with discarded e-devices. In Routledge Handbook of China’s Environmental Policy: Sternfeld (ed.), Routledge, London, 314-329

SCMP (South China Morning Post) (2016a). China’s growth stabilises, but dangers loom, say economists. Online: http://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2072283/chinas-growth-stabilises-dangers-loom-say-economists (Accessed 20 February 2016)

SCMP (South China Morning Post) (2016b). China’s growth stabilises, but dangers loom, say economists. China’s export machine powers ahead in January despite Trump threats. Online: http://www.scmp.com/news/china/economy/article/2069800/china-export-machine-powers-ahead-january-despite-trump-threats (Accessed 20 February 2016)

Sina Finance (2006). Investigative report on the big army of 300,000 Waste Pickers: Beijing’s Waste Pickers pick away 3 billion per year (in Chinese). Online: http://finance.sina.com.cn/leadership/crz/20060206/06502317994.shtml (Accessed 20 January 2016)Solidwaste. 2010. Wang Weiping: 11 years of research on the Waste Picker groups (in Chinese). Online: http://news.solidwaste.com.cn/view/id_30515 (Accessed 20 March 2015)

Steuer B (2016). What institutional dynamics guide WEEE refurbishment and reuse in urban China? Recycl., vol. 1, n. 2, 286-310.
DOI 10.3390/recycling1020286

Steuer B., Ramusch R., Part F., Salhofer S. (2017). Analysis of the value chain and network structure in informal waste recycling in Beijing, China. Resour. Conserv. Recy., vol.117(B), 137-150.
DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.007

Steuer B., Ramusch R., Salhofer S. (2018). Can Beijing’s informal waste recycling sector survive amidst worsening circumstances? Resour. Conserv. Recy., (under review)

Steuer B., Salhofer S., Linzner R. (2015). The winner takes it all – why is informal waste collection in urban china successful? In Sardinia 2015, Fifteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium: Cossu et al. (Eds.)

Su, B., Heshmati, A., Geng., Y., Yu, X. 2013. A review of the circular economy in China: moving from rhetoric to implementation. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 42, pp. 215-227.
DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.11.020

Taube M. (2014). Grundzüge der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und ihre ordnungspolitischen Leitbilder in der VR China seit 1949. Duisburg Working Papers on East Asian Studies, No. 96/2014, 1-28. Online: https://www.uni-due.de/in-east_former_website/fileadmin/publications/gruen/paper96-2014.pdf. (Accessed 1 January 2015)

Tong X. and Tao D. (2016). The rise and fall of a “waste city” in the construction of an “urban circular economic system”: The changing landscape of waste in Beijing. Resour. Conserv. Recy., 107, 10-17.
DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.12.003

Wang H. and Nie Y. (2001). Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Management in China. Japca J Air Waste Ma, vol. 51, n. 2, 250-263.
DOI 10.1080/10473289.2001.10464266

Wang J., Han L., Li S. (2008). The collection system for residential recyclables in communities in Haidian District, Beijing: A possible approach for China recycling. Wast. Manage., 28, 1672–1680.
DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.05.020

Wang Z., Zhang B., Yin J., Zhang X. (2011). Willingness and behavior towards e-waste recycling for residents in Beijing city, China. J. Clean. Prod., 19, 977-984.
DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.09.016

Wilson D.C., Costas V., Cheeseman R.C. (2006). Role of Informal Sector Recycling in Waste Management in Developing Countries. Habitat Int., 30, 797-808,
DOI 10.1016/j.habitatint.2005.09.005

Yang R., Zhu H., Chen Q. (2013). Project report of Shanghai’s YHZC waste material recovery convenience services company (in Chinese). Available online: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/823ec6f589eb172ded63b743.html. (Accessed 7 July 2015)

Yang J., Lu B., Xu C. (2008). WEEE flow and mitigating measures in China. Wast. Manage., 28, 1589–1597,
DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.019

Zhang H. and Wen Z. (2014). The consumption and recycling collection system of PET bottles: A case study of Beijing, China. Wast. Manage. Res., vol. 34, n. 6, 687-698.
DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.07.015

Zhou, X. 2010. Understanding urban waste separation and collection from the government’s handling of Waste Pickers (in Chinese). Online:http://www.cn-hw.net/html/31/201305/39702.html (accessed 23 June 2016)