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SUPPLY AND SUBSTITUTION OPTIONS FOR SELECTED CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS: COBALT, NIOBIUM, TUNGSTEN, YTTRIUM AND RARE EARTHS ELEMENTS

  • Andreas Bartl - ienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering, Austria
  • Alan H. Tkaczyk - University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, Estonia
  • Alessia Amato - Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences-DiSVA, Italy
  • Francesca Beolchini - Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences-DiSVA, Italy
  • Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis - Riga Technical University, Latvia
  • Martina Petranikova - Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sweden

DOI 10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13697

Released under CC BY-NC-ND

Copyright: © 2018 CISA Publisher

Abstract

European industry is dependent on the import of raw materials. The European Commission has recognized that some raw materials are crucial for the function of the European economy and show a high risk of supply shortage. This communication addresses supply and substitution options for selected critical raw materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten, yttrium, and the rare earth elements. For each element, the most relevant data concerning mining, abundance, recycling rates and possible substitutes are summarized and discussed.​

Keywords

Editorial History

  • Received: 25 Jan 2018
  • Revised: 11 Jul 2018
  • Accepted: 22 Aug 2018
  • Available online: 10 Sep 2018

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