HAZARDOUS WASTE CLASSIFICATION: REVIEW OF WORST CASE TO LESS WORST CASE METAL SPECIES WITH A WORKED EXAMPLE FOR A CONTAMINATED SOIL
- Available online in Detritus - Volume 14 - March 2021
- Pages 4-24
Released under CC BY-NC-ND
Copyright: © 2020 CISA Publisher
Abstract
The classification of waste as either hazardous or non-hazardous, especially for mixtures such as contaminated soils, ashes, filter cakes and sludges, is not straight forward. In particular, as the laboratories can only measure total metal concentrations, both the European and the UK technical guidance state that if the classifier doesn’t know exactly which metal species is in their waste, then they should start from a worst case species and use lines of evidence to work towards a more reasonable (less hazardous) species. However, the guidance doesn’t define or list worst case nor less worst case species. While some authors have documented worst case species, this is only in relation to documenting the concentrations at which each hazard property is triggered for a given worst case species. This paper addresses this gap. It documents how to define both the worst case species and more importantly, lists less worst case species for 32 elements and 204 metal species; species based on those listed in the European legislation but also supplemented by species that haven’t (yet) been included in this legislation but are significant nevertheless. For each species, the paper tabulates the hazard property that triggers first, metal concentrations, conversion factors and other metadata, species by species, in descending order of hazard. Finally, to demonstrate how to use the data, either manually or by utilizing commercial software, the paper will give a worked example for a contaminated soil, showing how classifiers can use the list to help move from a worst case to a less worst case species.Keywords
Editorial History
- Received: 28 Oct 2020
- Revised: 17 Feb 2021
- Accepted: 25 Feb 2021
- Available online: 31 Mar 2021
References
AFNOR XP 30-489: 2013. Characterization of waste — Determination of the content of elements and substances in waste (in French). AFNOR, France
Bishop, I. and Gill, T., 2018. Why you shouldn’t assume your non-hazardous feedstock is non-hazardous: The forensic analysis of a filter cake produced from the manufacture of firefighting foam from hoof and horn meal. 6th International Conference on Industrial and Hazardous Waste Management, CRETE 2018. Paper available from www.hazwasteonline.com
C&L 2020. European Chemicals Agency. Classification and Labeling Inventory Database: www.echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database
CL:AIRE 2011. The Definition of Waste: Development Industry Code of Practice, Version 2, published by Published by Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments (CL:AIRE), March 2011
Concawe 2020. Literature Review: Effects-Based Analysis for Soils, Risk Management and Waste Disposal; Report no. 16/20, prepared by Marks, B., Leverett, D. and Bishop, I., August 2020
CRC 2020. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics, 101st edition, Editor: Rumble, J.R., CRC Press, July 2020
EA 2018. Performance Standard for Laboratories undertaking chemical testing of soil. Environment Agency, November 2018, version 5
ECHA 2017. European Chemicals Agency. Guidance on the application of the CLP criteria, version 5.0, July 2017. ISBN 978-92-9020-050-5. Available from https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-clp
EEC 1967. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances
EN 12457-2:2002. Characterization of waste – Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges – Part 2: One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg for materials with particle size below 4 mm (without or with size reduction). CEN, Belgium
EN 15192:2007. Characterization of waste and soil - Determination of chromium (VI) in solid materials by alkaline digestion and ion chromatography with spectrophotometric detection. CEN, Belgium
ESA 2018. A sampling and testing protocol to assess the status of incinerator bottom ash, Environmental Services Association, www.esauk.org, January 2018
EU 1999. Directive 1999/45/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 1999 concerning the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous preparations
EU 2003. Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC
EU 2004. Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC
EU 2006. Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC
EU 2008a. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives
EU 2008b. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008, on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006
EU 2008c. Regulation (EC) No 440/2008 of 30 May 2008 laying down test methods pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)
EU 2009. Regulation (EC) No 790/2009 of 11 August 2009 amending, for the purposes of its adaptation to technical and scientific progress, Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures
EU 2011. Regulation (EC) No 286/2011 of 10 March 2011 amending, for the purposes of its adaptation to technical and scientific progress, Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures
EU 2014a. Commission Decision 2014/955/EU of 18 December 2014, amending Decision 2000/532/EC on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
EU 2014b. Commission Regulation (EU) No 1357/2014 of 18 December 2014, amending Annex III to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on waste and repealing certain Directives
EU 2014c. Commission Regulation (EU) No 1342/2014 of 17 December 2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on persistent organic pollutants as regards Annexes IV and V
EU 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016/1179 of 19 July 2016 amending, for the purposes of its adaptation to technical and scientific progress, Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures
EU 2017. Regulation (EU) No 2017/997 of 8 June 2017, amending Annex III to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the hazardous property HP 14 ‘Ecotoxic’
EU 2018. European Commission; Commission notice on technical guidance on the classification of waste, 2018/C 124/01
EU 2020. Regulation (EU) 2020/1182 of 19 May 2020, amending, for the purposes of its adaptation to technical and scientific progress, Part 3 of Annex VI to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures
GHS 2019. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Revision 8, May 2019
Hennebert, P., 2019. Hazard classification of waste: Review of available practical methods and tools. Detritus, Volume 07, p 13-28 Sept 2019
Hennebert, P., Humez, N., Conche, I., Bishop, I. and Rebishung, F., 2016. Assessment of four calculation methods proposed by the EC for waste hazardous property HP 14 ‘Ecotoxic’. Waste Management Vol. 48, p 24-33
Hennebert P., Papin A., Padox J-M., Hasebrouck B., 2013. The evaluation of an analytical protocol for the determination of substances in waste for hazard classification. Waste Management Vol. 33, p 1577–1588
IARC 2020. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organisation. IARC monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans. Accessed 24 July 2020. https://monographs.iarc.fr/list-of-classifications
INERIS 2015. Study Report DRC-15-149793-04619A: Waste Hazardousness Assessment – Proposition of methods (version 2), 15 May 2015
INERIS 2016. Study Report DRC-16-159393-04351A: Etude comparative des regles de classement des melanges au titre du reglement CLP et des dechets au titre des proprietes de danger HP, 12 November 2016
Lead REACH Consortium 2015(a). Industry proposed self-classification for lead compounds. Substance grade data sheets accessed 24 July 2020: https://ila-reach.org/our-substances/lead-compounds/
Lead REACH Consortium 2015(b). Industry proposed self-classification for lead metal. Substance grade data sheets accessed 24 July 2020: https://ila-reach.org/our-substances/lead-metal/
MAIB 2017. Report on the investigation of the explosion of gas released from a cargo of un-processed incinerator bottom ash on Nortrader at anchorage in Plymouth Sound on 13 January 2017. Marine Accident Investigation Branch, Report No. 26/2017
Norden 2016. Nordic Council of Ministers. Hazardous waste classification – Amendments to the European Waste Classification regulation – what do they mean and whet are the consequences. Margarete Wahlstron, Jutta Laine-Ylijoki, Ola Wik, Anke Oberender and Ole Hjelmar. ISBN978-92-893-4532-3
UK 2018. European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
UK 2019. The Chemicals (Health and Safety) and Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019
UK 2020. The Chemicals (Health and Safety) and Genetically Modified Organisms (Contained Use) (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
WM3 2018. Waste Classification: Guidance on the classification and assessment of waste (1st Edition v1.1): Technical Guidance WM3. Environment Agency, NIEA, SEPA, Natural Resources Wales. Available from: http://www.gov.uk/government/publications/waste-classification-technical-guidance