an official journal of: published by:
an official journal of: published by:
Editor in Chief: RAFFAELLO COSSU
Home

 

GO TO

Show volumes

DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY AND NANO TIO2 MODIFIED CERAMIC MEMBRANES FOR RECIRCULATION OF SHRIMP AQUACULTURE WASTEWATER: BOTTLENECKS AND PROSPECTS

  • Thuy Ngan Bui Thi - School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam - Center for Advanced Materials and Environmental Technology, National Center for Technological Progress, Viet Nam
  • Xuan Quang Chu - Center for Advanced Materials and Environmental Technology, National Center for Technological Progress, Viet Nam
  • Van Tuyen Nguyen - University of Transport Technology, Viet Nam
  • Khac-Uan Do - School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam

DOI 10.31025/2611-4135/2026.19597

Access restricted to subscribed members only

Released under All rights reserved

Copyright: © 2026 CISA Publisher

Abstract

The shrimp aquaculture industry generates wastewater rich in organic matter, suspended solids, nutrients, pathogens, and residual antibiotics, posing environmental challenges. Conventional biological treatments, including constructed wetlands, biofloc systems, microalgae cultivation, and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), are widely used due to low cost and environmental compatibility; however, their performance is often constrained by recalcitrant organics and unstable effluent quality under water reuse conditions. This review focuses on recent advances in integrating biological processes with nano TiO2 modified ceramic membranes. Ceramic membranes provide mechanical strength, chemical stability, and tolerance to saline and harsh conditions, while TiO2 modification enhances hydrophilicity, antimicrobial activity, and photocatalytic degradation of refractory pollutants. Reported studies show chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of 85 – 92% and near complete total suspended solids (TSS) removal, while TiO2 modified membranes achieve over 90% removal of dyes, proteins, and oils and reduce membrane fouling under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Membrane fouling mechanisms, photocatalytic performance, bioreactor integration, and economic considerations are discussed. The combination of biological treatment and modified ceramic membranes represents a promising approach for enhancing water reuse and long term treatment stability in shrimp aquaculture.

Keywords

Editorial History

  • Received: 12 Feb 2026
  • Revised: 08 Apr 2026
  • Accepted: 11 May 2026
  • Available online: 26 May 2026

References

Ahmad, A. L., Chin, J. Y., Mohd Harun, M. H. Z., & Low, S. C. (2022). Environmental impacts and imperative technologies towards sustainable treatment of aquaculture wastewater: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 46, 102553.
DOI 10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102553

Ahmed, N., Cheung, W. W. L., Thompson, S., & Glaser, M. (2017). Solutions to blue carbon emissions: Shrimp cultivation, mangrove deforestation and climate change in coastal Bangladesh. Marine Policy, 82, 68-75.
DOI 10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.007

Ahmed, Z., & Ambinakudige, S. (2024). How does shrimp farming impact agricultural production and food security in coastal Bangladesh? Evidence from farmer perception and remote sensing approach. Ocean and Coastal Management, 255, 107241.
DOI 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107241

Álvarez, X., & Otero, A. (2020). Nutrient removal from the centrate of anaerobic digestion of high ammonium industrial wastewater by a semi-continuous culture of Arthrospira sp. and Nostoc sp. PCC 7413. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32(5), 2785-2794.
DOI 10.1007/s10811-020-02175-4

Amoako Johnson, F., Hutton, C. W., Hornby, D., Lázár, A. N., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2016). Is shrimp farming a successful adaptation to salinity intrusion? A geospatial associative analysis of poverty in the populous Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta of Bangladesh. Sustainability Science, 11(3), 423-439.
DOI 10.1007/s11625-016-0356-6

Aquino, R. V. S. d., Barbosa, A. A., Carvalho, R. F. d., Silva, M. G., Nascimento Júnior, W. J. d., Silva, T. D. d., Silva, J. P., & Rossiter Sá da Rocha, O. (2019). Degradation study of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate with TiO2 immobilized on aluminum meshes employing artificial neural networks. Water Science & Technology, 80(6), 1163-1173.
DOI 10.2166/wst.2019.363

Arun, J., Nachiappan, S., Rangarajan, G., Alagappan, R. P., Gopinath, K. P., & Lichtfouse, E. (2023). Synthesis and application of titanium dioxide photocatalysis for energy, decontamination and viral disinfection: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21(1), 339-362.
DOI 10.1007/s10311-022-01503-z

Ayalew, A. A. (2022). A critical review on clay-based nanocomposite particles for application of wastewater treatment. Water Science & Technology, 85(10), 3002-3022.
DOI 10.2166/wst.2022.150

Ayode Otitoju, T., Ugochukwu Okoye, P., Chen, G., Li, Y., Onyeka Okoye, M., & Li, S. (2020). Advanced ceramic components: Materials, fabrication, and applications. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 85, 34-65.
DOI 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.02.002

Banu, J. R., Kaliappan, S., Do, K. U., James, A., & Yeom, I. T. (2009). Combined Treatment of Domestic Wastewater using Anaerobic and Solar Photocatalytic Treatment. Water Quality Research Journal, 44(4), 393-398.
DOI 10.2166/wqrj.2009.039

Banu, J. R., Kaliappan, S., Kumar, A., Yeom, I. T., & Do, K. U. (2011). Effect of low temperature thermochemical pretreatment on sludge reduction potential of membrane bioreactor treating primary treated dairy wastewater. Water Quality Research Journal, 46(4), 312-320.
DOI 10.2166/wqrjc.2011.026

Bohnes, F. A., & Laurent, A. (2021). Environmental impacts of existing and future aquaculture production: Comparison of technologies and feed options in Singapore. Aquaculture, 532, 736001.
DOI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736001

Chen, F., Qiu, T., Xu, J., Zhang, J., Du, Y., Duan, Y., Zeng, Y., Zhou, L., Sun, J., & Sun, M. (2024). Rapid Real-Time Prediction Techniques for Ammonia and Nitrite in High-Density Shrimp Farming in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. Fishes, 9(10), 386.
DOI 10.3390/fishes9100386

Chuaicham, C., Trakulmututa, J., Shu, K., Shenoy, S., Srikhaow, A., Zhang, L., Mohan, S., Sekar, K., & Sasaki, K. (2023). Recent Clay-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment. Separations, 10(2), 77.
DOI 10.3390/separations10020077

Cruz Moreno, D., Neri Álvarez, M., Ortiz Rabell, G., Neri Flores, M. A., & Fajardo San Miguel, G. (2025). Functionalized nanoparticles-based surface treatment as an alternative to mitigate deterioration in fired clay materials. Discover Applied Sciences, 7(5), 391.
DOI 10.1007/s42452-025-06872-y

Danfá, S., Martins, R. C., Quina, M. J., & Gomes, J. (2021). Supported TiO2 in Ceramic Materials for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Liquid Effluents: A Review. Molecules, 26(17), 5363.
DOI 10.3390/molecules26175363

Davari, N., Falletta, E., Bianchi, C. L., Yargeau, V., Rodriguez Seco, C., & Boffito, D. C. (2025). Comparing the photocatalytic activity of suspended and floating Ag-decorated TiO2 for dye removal. Tetrahedron Green Chem, 5, 100059.
DOI 10.1016/j.tgchem.2024.100059

de Paula, R. Z., Fontana, L., & de Jesus, T. A. (2024). Phosphorus removal by free water surface constructed wetlands for the wastewater treatment: bibliometric and bibliographic review. Discover Water, 4(1), 49.
DOI 10.1007/s43832-023-00050-0

Dharma, H. N. C., Jaafar, J., Widiastuti, N., Matsuyama, H., Rajabsadeh, S., Othman, M. H. D., Rahman, M. A., Jafri, N. N. M., Suhaimin, N. S., Nasir, A. M., & Alias, N. H. (2022). A Review of Titanium Dioxide (TiO(2))-Based Photocatalyst for Oilfield-Produced Water Treatment. Membranes (Basel), 12(3).
DOI 10.3390/membranes12030345

Dinesh Kumar, M., Gopikumar, S., Uan, D. K., Adishkumar, S., & Rajesh Banu, J. (2020). Constructed Wetlands: An Emerging Green Technology for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters. In R. N. Bharagava (Ed.), Emerging Eco-friendly Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment (pp. 21-44). Springer Singapore.
DOI 10.1007/978-981-15-1390-9_2

Dinesh Kumar, S., Santhanam, P., Park, M. S., & Kim, M.-K. (2016). Development and application of a novel immobilized marine microalgae biofilter system for the treatment of shrimp culture effluent. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 13, 137-142.
DOI 10.1016/j.jwpe.2016.08.014

Do, K. U., Bui, T. S., & Vu, N. T. (2023). Combination of Membrane-Based Biochar for Ammonium Removal from Domestic wastewater—A Review. In M. P. Shah (Ed.), Microbial Technologies in Industrial Wastewater Treatment (pp. 319-335). Springer Nature Singapore.
DOI 10.1007/978-981-99-2435-6_16

Do, K. U., Bui, T. T. N., Tran, H. T., & Chu, X. Q. (2023). Effect of Organic Loading Rates on Performance of Treating Dairy Wastewater in a Lab-Scale Sequencing Batch Reactor. International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation, 13(2), 150-159.
DOI 10.46604/ijeti.2023.10763

Do, K. U., & Chu, X. Q. (2022). Performances of membrane bioreactor technology for treating domestic wastewater operated at different sludge retention time. In M. Shah, S. Rodriguez-Couto, & J. Biswas (Eds.), Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes (pp. 107-122). Elsevier.
DOI 10.1016/B978-0-323-85583-9.00010-7

Do, K. U., Kim, J. H., & Chu, X. Q. (2018). Sludge characteristics and performance of a membrane bioreactor for treating oily wastewater from a car wash service station. Desalination and Water Treatment, 120, 166-172.
DOI 10.5004/dwt.2018.22716

Do, K. U., Le, T. L., & Nguyen, T. L. (2022). Application of Zero Valent Iron to Removal Chromium and Other Heavy Metals in Metallurgical Wastewater. In Sustainable Water Treatment (pp. 415-440).
DOI 10.1002/9781119480075.ch11

Do, K. U., & Tran, M. H. (2023). Application of Membrane Technology Combined with Sequencing Batch Reactor for Treating Milk Wastewater. In M. P. Shah (Ed.), Sustainable Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Pollution Control (pp. 13-29). Springer Nature Singapore.
DOI 10.1007/978-981-99-2560-5_2

Do, T. C. M. V., Nguyen, D. Q., Nguyen, K. T., & Le, P. H. (2019). TiO2 and Au-TiO2 Nanomaterials for Rapid Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotic Residues in Aquaculture Wastewater. Materials, 12(15), 2434.
DOI 10.3390/ma12152434

Duong, H. C., Ansari, A. J., Cao, H. T., Nguyen, N. C., Do, K.-U., & Nghiem, L. D. (2020). Membrane distillation regeneration of liquid desiccant solution for air-conditioning: Insights into polarisation effects and mass transfer. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 19, 100941.
DOI 10.1016/j.eti.2020.100941

Duong, H. C., Tran, T. L., Ansari, A. J., Cao, H. T., Vu, T. D., & Do, K.-U. (2019). Advances in Membrane Materials and Processes for Desalination of Brackish Water. Current Pollution Reports, 5(4), 319-336.
DOI 10.1007/s40726-019-00121-8

El Sharkawy, H. M., Shawky, A. M., Elshypany, R., & Selim, H. (2023). Efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants over TiO2 nanoparticles modified with nitrogen and MoS2 under visible light irradiation. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 8845.
DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-35265-7

Ghamarpoor, R., Fallah, A., & Jamshidi, M. (2024). A Review of Synthesis Methods, Modifications, and Mechanisms of ZnO/TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Photodegradation of Contaminants. ACS Omega, 9(24), 25457-25492.
DOI 10.1021/acsomega.3c08717

Goswami, R. K., Agrawal, K., & Verma, P. (2022). Phycoremediation of nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater using Picochlorum sp.: A tenable approach. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 62(3-4), 279-295.
DOI 10.1002/jobm.202100277

Halim, M. A., Aziz, D., Arshad, A., W. S. Wong, N. L., Nabi, M. M., Islam, M. A., & Syukri, F. (2025). A systematic analysis of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and biofloc technology (BFT) for white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in the indoor farming system. Aquacultural Engineering, 110, 102544.
DOI 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2025.102544

Hassaan, M. A., El-Nemr, M. A., Elkatory, M. R., Ragab, S., Niculescu, V. C., & El Nemr, A. (2023). Principles of Photocatalysts and Their Different Applications: A Review. Topics in Current Chemistry, 381(6), 31.
DOI 10.1007/s41061-023-00444-7

Hemavibool, K., Sansenya, T., & Nanan, S. (2022). Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline and Oxytetracycline Antibiotics by BiVO4 Photocatalyst under Visible Light and Solar Light Irradiation. Antibiotics, 11(6), 761. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/6/761

Hiep, N. T., Anh, L. H. Q., Tuan, P. D., Khang, D. S., Dong, P. D., Han, H. T. N., Thuan, D. D., & Nga, D. T. (2023). Improving the Treatment of Saline Wastewater from Shrimp Farms Using Hybrid Constructed Wetlands Models toward Sustainable Developmen. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 21(6), 554-562.
DOI 10.32526/ennrj/21/20230146

Huang, C., Luo, Y., Zeng, G., Zhang, P., Peng, R., Jiang, X., & Jiang, M. (2022). Effect of adding microalgae to whiteleg shrimp culture on water quality, shrimp development and yield. Aquaculture Reports, 22, 100916.
DOI 10.1016/j.aqrep.2021.100916

Huang, X. f., Ye, G. y., Yi, N. k., Lu, L. j., Zhang, L., Yang, L. y., Xiao, L., & Liu, J. (2019). Effect of plant physiological characteristics on the removal of conventional and emerging pollutants from aquaculture wastewater by constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 135, 45-53.
DOI 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.05.017

Hung, D. C., Nguyen, N. C., Uan, D. K., & Son, L. T. (2017). Membrane processes and their potential applications for fresh water provision in Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 55(5), 533.
DOI 10.15625/2525-2321.2017-00504

Iber, B. T., & Kasan, N. A. (2021). Recent advances in Shrimp aquaculture wastewater management. Heliyon, 7(11), e08283.
DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08283

Kabir, J., Cramb, R., Alauddin, M., Gaydon, D. S., & Roth, C. H. (2020). Farmers’ perceptions and management of risk in rice/shrimp farming systems in South-West Coastal Bangladesh. Land Use Policy, 95, 104577.
DOI 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104577

Kashem, A. H. M., Das, P., Hawari, A. H., Mehariya, S., Thaher, M. I., Khan, S., Abduquadir, M., & Al Jabri, H. (2023). Aquaculture from inland fish cultivation to wastewater treatment: a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 22(4), 969-1008.
DOI 10.1007/s11157-023-09672-1

Krishnani, K. K., Kumar, N., Meena, K. K., & Singh, N. P. (2018). Bioremediation of Perturbed Waterbodies Fed with Wastewater for Enhancing Finfish and Shellfish Production. In B. B. Jana, R. N. Mandal, & P. Jayasankar (Eds.), Wastewater Management Through Aquaculture (pp. 185-206). Springer Singapore.
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-7248-2_9

Kruse, J., Koch, M., Khoi, C. M., Braun, G., Sebesvari, Z., & Amelung, W. (2020). Land use change from permanent rice to alternating rice-shrimp or permanent shrimp in the coastal Mekong Delta, Vietnam: Changes in the nutrient status and binding forms. Science of The Total Environment, 703, 134758.
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134758

Liu, X., Wang, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Q., Wen, X., Guo, W., & Zhang, Z. (2024). A systematic review on aquaculture wastewater: Pollutants, impacts, and treatment technology. Environmental Research, 262, 119793.
DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119793

Loddo, V., Umair, M., Kanwal, T., Palmisano, L., & Bellardita, M. (2025). Efficient photocatalytic removal of drugs in aqueous dispersions by using different TiO2 based semiconductors under UV and simulated solar light irradiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 468, 116465.
DOI 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2025.116465

Mangott, A., Nappi, J., Delli Paoli Carini, A., Goncalves, P., Hua, K., Domingos, J. A., de Nys, R., & Thomas, T. (2020). Ulva lactuca as a functional ingredient and water bioremediator positively influences the hepatopancreas and water microbiota in the rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei. Algal Research, 51, 102040.
DOI 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102040

Mishra, A., Mehta, A., & Basu, S. (2018). Clay supported TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(5), 6088-6107.
DOI 10.1016/j.jece.2018.09.029

Mohammadi, Z., Sharifnia, S., & Shavisi, Y. (2016). Photocatalytic degradation of aqueous ammonia by using TiO2ZnO/LECA hybrid photocatalyst. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 184, 110-117.
DOI 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.09.031

Morjène, L., Tasbihi, M., Schwarze, M., Schomäcker, R., Aloulou, F., & Seffen, M. (2020). A composite of clay, cement, and wood as natural support material for the immobilization of commercial titania (P25, P90, PC500, C-TiO2) towards photocatalytic phenol degradation. Water Science & Technology, 81(9), 1882-1893.
DOI 10.2166/wst.2020.244

Mozia, S., Szymański, K., Michalkiewicz, B., Tryba, B., Toyoda, M., & Morawski, A. W. (2015). Effect of process parameters on fouling and stability of MF/UF TiO2 membranes in a photocatalytic membrane reactor. Separation and Purification Technology, 142, 137-148.
DOI 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.12.047

Nannou, C., Maroulas, K. N., Tsamtzidou, C., Ladomenou, K., & Kyzas, G. Z. (2025). Photocatalytic degradation of veterinary antibiotics in wastewaters: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 966, 178765.
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178765

Nugraha, M. A. R., Dewi, N. R., Awaluddin, M., Widodo, A., Sumon, M. A. A., Jamal, M. T., & Santanumurti, M. B. (2023). Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) towards emerging whiteleg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) aquaculture. International Aquatic Research, 15(1), 1-14.
DOI 10.22034/iar.2023.1973316.1361

Pereira, J. H. O. S., Vilar, V. J. P., Borges, M. T., González, O., Esplugas, S., & Boaventura, R. A. R. (2011). Photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline using TiO2 under natural and simulated solar radiation. Solar Energy, 85(11), 2732-2740.
DOI 10.1016/j.solener.2011.08.012

Phuong, N. M., Hung, N. H., Kha, T. M., & Hoa, C. P. (2023). Study on Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment by Aquatic Plants. VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences, 39(4).
DOI 10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.4995

Radeka, M., Markov, S., Lončar, E., Rudić, O., Vučetić, S., & Ranogajec, J. (2014). Photocatalytic effects of TiO2 mesoporous coating immobilized on clay roofing tiles. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 34(1), 127-136.
DOI 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.07.010

Razaviarani, V., Arab, G., Lerdwanawattana, N., & Gadia, Y. (2023). Algal biomass dual roles in phycoremediation of wastewater and production of bioenergy and value-added products. International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation, 20(7), 8199-8216.
DOI 10.1007/s13762-022-04696-6

Rodríguez Leal, S., Silva Acosta, J., Marzialetti, T., & Gallardo Rodríguez, J. J. (2023). Lab- and pilot-scale photo-biofilter performance with algal–bacterial beads in a recirculation aquaculture system for rearing rainbow trout. Journal of Applied Phycology, 35(4), 1673-1683.
DOI 10.1007/s10811-023-02981-6

Samui, S., Mallick, B., & Bailey, A. (2024). Impact of shifting from rice to shrimp farming on migration aspirations in Bangladesh. Regional Environmental Change, 24(4), 150.
DOI 10.1007/s10113-024-02312-6

Shan, A. Y., Ghazi, T. I. M., & Rashid, S. A. (2010). Immobilisation of titanium dioxide onto supporting materials in heterogeneous photocatalysis: A review. Applied Catalysis A: General, 389(1), 1-8.
DOI 10.1016/j.apcata.2010.08.053

Shi, Z. F., Zhang, S. M., & Guo, S. (2013). Treatment of Waste Seawater from Shrimp Farm Using a Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 409-410, 199-203.
DOI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.409-410.199

Silerio Vázquez, F. d. J., González Burciaga, L. A., Antileo, C., Núñez Núñez, C. M., & Proal Nájera, J. B. (2024). Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in water via TiO2-x: Research needs for technological advancements. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 16, 100506.
DOI 10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100506

Szczepanik, B. (2017). Photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over clay-TiO2 nanocomposites: A review. Applied Clay Science, 141, 227-239.
DOI 10.1016/j.clay.2017.02.029

Szymański, K., Morawski, A. W., & Mozia, S. (2018). Effectiveness of treatment of secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in a photocatalytic membrane reactor and hybrid UV/H2O2 – ultrafiltration system. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 125, 318-324.
DOI 10.1016/j.cep.2017.11.015

Tien Nguyen, N., Tran-Nguyen, P. L., & Vo, T. T. B. C. (2024). Advances in aeration and wastewater treatment in shrimp farming: emerging trends, current challenges, and future perspectives. Aqua Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 73(5), 902-916.
DOI 10.2166/aqua.2024.328

Viet Do, P., Thao Nguyen, S., Tai Chau, T., Nguyen Tk, L., Touchet, A., Gutter, G., Mahl, P., & Phan, H. (2022). Growth assessment of various formulae of essential minerals and trace elements on whiteleg shrimp at different salinities. Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology, 20(1), 125-133.
DOI 10.15625/1811-4989/15781

Vu, N.-T., Ngo, T.-H., Nguyen, T.-T., & Do, K.-U. (2023). Performances of coffee husk biochar addition in a lab-scale SBR system for treating low carbon/nitrogen ratio wastewater. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13(6), 5273-5282.
DOI 10.1007/s13399-021-01788-0

Vu, N. T., Nguyen, T. H. T., & Do, K. U. (2021). Removal of ammonium from aqueous solution by using dried longan peel as a low-cost adsorbent. In M. Shah, S. Rodriguez-Couto, & K. Mehta (Eds.), The Future of Effluent Treatment Plants (pp. 569-588). Elsevier.
DOI 10.1016/B978-0-12-822956-9.00029-5

Xie, Y., Wang, J., Ren, F., Shuai, H., & Du, G. (2022). Nonmetallic Mineral as the Carrier of TiO2 Photocatalyst: A Review [Review]. Frontiers in Catalysis, Volume 2 - 2022.
DOI 10.3389/fctls.2022.806316

Yang, L., Jin, X., Hu, Y., Zhang, M., Wang, H., Jia, Q., & Yang, Y. (2023). Technical structure and influencing factors of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands. Water Science & Technology, 89(2), 271-289.
DOI 10.2166/wst.2023.414

Zendehzaban, M., Sharifnia, S., & Hosseini, S. N. (2013). Photocatalytic degradation of ammonia by light expanded clay aggregate (LECA)-coating of TiO2 nanoparticles. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 30(3), 574-579.
DOI 10.1007/s11814-012-0212-z

Zhang, S., Ban, Y., Xu, Z., Cheng, J., & Li, M. (2016). Comparative evaluation of influencing factors on aquaculture wastewater treatment by various constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 93, 221-225.
DOI 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.029

Zhao, J., Peng, L., & Ma, X. (2025). Innovative microalgae technologies for mariculture wastewater treatment: Single and combined microalgae treatment mechanisms, challenges and future prospects. Environmental Research, 266, 120560.
DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120560

Zheng, X., Shen, Z.-P., Shi, L., Cheng, R., & Yuan, D.-H. (2017). Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors (PMRs) in Water Treatment: Configurations and Influencing Factors. Catalysts, 7(8), 224. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/7/8/224

Zhimiao, Z., Xiao, Z., Zhufang, W., Xinshan, S., Mengqi, C., Mengyu, C., & Yinjiang, Z. (2019). Enhancing the pollutant removal performance and biological mechanisms by adding ferrous ions into aquaculture wastewater in constructed wetland. Bioresource Technology, 293, 122003.
DOI 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122003

Related Contents