EFFECTS OF THE DIFFERENT IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGISLATION RELATING TO SEWAGE SLUDGE DISPOSAL IN THE EU
- Torben Bauer - Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
- Linus Ekman Burgman - Technology and Social Change, Linköping University, Sweden
- Lale Andreas - Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
- Anders Lagerkvist - Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden
- Available online in Detritus - Volume 10 - June 2020
- Pages 92-99
Released under CC BY-NC-ND
Copyright: © 2020 CISA Publisher
Abstract
The European Directive 86/278/EEC implemented in 1986 was a means adopted by the European Union to improve use of the valuables in sewage sludge by applying treated sludge on agricultural soils. To prevent an accumulation of pollutants, the Directive provided suggestions limiting concentrations of toxic elements in sewage sludge and agricultural soil. The Directive was implemented diversely throughout EU member states, with current national legislations only partly reflecting the initial intentions of the EU Directive from 30 years ago. This study demonstrates how the European Directive was implemented in three countries currently at different stages of replacing the agricultural application of sewage sludge with incineration (Netherlands, Germany and Sweden). Additionally, recent changes in the legislation with regards to the re-use and final disposal of sewage sludge in the three chosen member states are analysed. The aim was to investigate how each member state has solved the conflict between improvement of nutrient recovery from sludge and limitation of pollutants in agricultural soil. Based on this review, limit values are not necessarily reflected in application rates of sewage sludge in agriculture. Following changes in current legislation, phosphorus recovery will become a priority task. The recovery of other valuables from sewage sludge is currently not regulated in the legislation of the three member states investigated.Keywords
Editorial History
- Received: 13 Dec 2019
- Revised: 03 May 2020
- Accepted: 05 Mar 2020
- Available online: 08 May 2020
References
Abis, M., Calmano, W., & Kuchta, K. (2018). Innovative technologies for phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash. Detritus - Volume 1, 1(1), 23.
DOI 10.26403/DETRITUS/2018.23
André, A., Sundin, A. M., Linderholm, L., Borbas, I., Svinhufvud, K., Eklund, K., … Rosenblom, T. (2016). Wastewater treatment in Sweden 2016. (Naturvårdsverket, Ed.). Retrieved from https://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer6400/978-91-620-8809-5.pdf?pid=22471
Aparicio, I., Santos, J. L., & Alonso, E. (2009). Limitation of the concentration of organic pollutants in sewage sludge for agricultural purposes: A case study in South Spain. Waste Management, 29(5), 1747–1753.
DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.11.003
Bengtsson, M., & Tillman, A.-M. (2004). Actors and interpretations in an environmental controversy: the Swedish debate on sewage sludge use in agriculture. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 42, 65–82.
DOI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.02.004
Bergqvist, M., Gunnesby, U., Gårdstam, L., Hedlund, B., Karltorp, G., Kock, E., … Åstrand, K. (2013). Hållbar återföring av fosfor. (Naturvårdsverket, Ed.), Rapport / Naturvårdsverket (Vol. 6580). Stockholm
Brown, M., Tsiarta, C., Watson, S., & Hudson, J. (2015). Final Implementation Report for the Directive 86/278/EEC on Sewage Sludge. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/reporting/pdf/SS_dir_report _2010_2012.pdf
Bundesministerium für Umwelt. Klärschlammverordnung (AbfKlärV) (2015)
Bundesministerium für Umwelt. Verordnung zur Neuordnung der Klärschlammverwertung, 2017 Bundesgesetzblatt § (2017)
Bundesregierung. Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung ( BBodSchV ) (2017)
Bundesregierung. Verordnung über das Inverkehrbringen von Düngemitteln , Bodenhilfsstoffen , Kultursubstraten und Pflanzenhilfsmitteln ( Düngemittelverordnung - DüMV ), 1 § (2017)
Bundesregierung. Verordnung über die Verwertung von Klärschlamm, Klärschlammgemisch und Klärschlammkompost (Klärschlammverordnung - AbfKlärV) (2017). Germany
Council of the European Communities. Euopean urban waste water treatment directive (UWWTD) (91/271/EEC) of 21 May 1991 (1991). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31991L0271&from=EN
Council of the European Union. COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, Offical Journal of the European Communities § (1986)
Council of the European Union. COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture, Offical Journal of the European Communities § (1986). Retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/1986/278/oj
de Boer, M. A., Romeo-Hall, A., Rooimans, T., & Slootweg, J. (2018). An Assessment of the Drivers and Barriers for the Deployment of Urban Phosphorus Recovery Technologies: A Case Study of The Netherlands. Sustainability, 10(6), 1790.
DOI 10.3390/su10061790
Durth, A., Kolvenbach, F.-J., & Statistisches Bundesamt und DWA-Arbeitsgruppe KEK-1.2 “Statistik.” (2014). Abwasser und Klärschlamm in Deutschland – statistische Betrachtungen. Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall, 61(12), 1106–1112.
DOI 10.3242/kae2014.12.003
Ehlert, P. A. I., Posthuma, L., Römkens, P. F. A. ., Rietra, R. P. J. J., Wintersen, A. M., van Wijnen, H., … Groenenberg, J. E. (2013). Appraising Fertilisers : Origins of current regulations and standards for contaminants in fertilisers (Working Document 336). Retrieved from http://www.wageningenur.nl/wotnatuurenmilieu/
European Commission. (2004). Implementation of Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment, as amended by Commission Directive 98/15/EC of 27 February 1998. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52004DC0248&from=EN
European Commission. (2010). Working Document Sludge and Biowaste
European Commission. (2017). 9th Technical assessment on UWWTD implementation. Annex V: National chapters. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/implementation/pdf/Annex V.pdf
European Union. (2000). Working Document on Sludge, 3rd draft (Vol. 80). Brussels
eurostat. (2015a). Sewage sludge production and disposal from urban wastewater. (E. European Commission, Ed.). Luxembourg. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/graphCreator.do?tab=graph&a=6&cp=noValue&c=1&d=0&h=1&geo=2-39&x=geo&ww_tpar=2-7&y=ww_tpar&language=en&pcode=ten00030&plugin=1 Y3 - 2019-01-09 M4 - Citavi
eurostat. (2015b). Sewage sludge production and disposal from urban wastewater. (E. European Commission, Ed.). Luxembourg
Government Offices of Sweden. (2018a). Giftfri och cirkulär återföring av fosfor från avloppsslam. Retrieved from https://www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/kommittedirektiv/2018/07/dir.-201867/
Government Offices of Sweden. (2018b). Giftfri och cirkulär återföring av fosfor från avloppsslam
Hukari, S., Hermann, L., & Nättorp, A. (2016). From wastewater to fertilisers — Technical overview and critical review of European legislation governing phosphorus recycling. Science of The Total Environment, 542, 1127–1135.
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.064
Kelessidis, A., & Stasinakis, A. S. (2012). Comparative study of the methods used for treatment and final disposal of sewage sludge in European countries. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 32(6), 1186–1195.
DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.01.012 PM - 22336390
Langenkamp, H., Part, P., Erhardt, W., & Prüeß, A. (2001). Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Use. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/sludge/pdf/organics_in_sludge.pdf
LeBlanc, R. J., Matthews, P., & Richard, R. P. (2008). Global atlas of excreta, wastewater sludge, and biosolids management. Proceedings of–IWA Conference–Moving forward Wastewater biosolids sustainability technical managerial and public synergy June.
DOI 10.1080/17405629.2013.793597
Malmqvist, P.-A., Kärrman, E., & Rydhagen, B. (2006). Evaluation of the ReVAQ project to achieve safe use of wastewater sludge in agriculture. Water Science and Technology, 54(11–12), 129–135.
DOI 10.2166/wst.2006.759
Naturvårdsverket. Kungörelse med föreskrifter om skydd för miljön, särskilt marken, när avloppsslam används i jordbruket (1994)
Naturvårdsverket. Statens naturvårdsverks föreskrifter om ändring i kungörelsen (SNFS 1994:2) med föreskrifter om skydd för miljön, särskilt marken, när avloppsslam används i jordbruket (1998)
Naturvårdsverket. Kungörelse med föreskrifter om skydd för miljön, särskilt marken, när avloppsslam används i jordbruket (2001). Sweden
Naturvårdsverket. Kungörelse med föreskrifter om skydd för miljön, särskilt marken, när avloppsslam används i jordbruket (2001). Sweden. Retrieved from http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/foreskrifter/nfs1994/snfs1994-02k.pdf
Oberg, G., & Mason-Renton, S. A. (2018). On the limitation of evidence-based policy: Regulatory narratives and land application of biosolids/sewage sludge in BC, Canada and Sweden. Environmental Science and Policy, 84, 88–96.
DOI 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.006
Ruijter, J. A. (2018). Dutch Experience of sludge management and P-recovery pathways Content 1 . Sewage water treatment in NL 2 . Sludge management
Svinhufvud, K. (2017). Phosphorus: Strategies and Reuse Initiatives in Sweden. (Naturvårdsverket, Ed.). Vilnius
Tsybina, A., & Wuensch, C. (2018). Analysis of Sewage Sludge Thermal Treatment Methods in the Context of Circular Economy, 02, 3–15
van Aaken, L. (2017a). Klärschlammverordnung verkündet. (B. K. e.V., Ed.)
van Aaken, L. (2017b). Klärschlammverordnung verkündet. (B. K. e.V., Ed.). Retrieved from https://www.kompost.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Dateien/HUK_aktuell/2017/H_K-03-2017.pdf
van Dijk, K. (2017). Nutrient recovery from wastewater: opportunities and challenges of EU regulatory context. Retrieved from www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Zachrisson, N. (2019). Slamförbud riskerar spridning i det fördolda. Retrieved November 13, 2019, from https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=406&artikel=7014613